Copy editing: Correcting mechanical errors: grammar, spelling, usage and punctuation issues. The client's voice is maintained.

Substantive editing: Also referred to as structural editing. Reorganization of sentences/paragraphs/sections of a document to clarify the meaning.

Stylistic editing: Line by line editing to polish the language, including maintaining consistency, clarifying ambiguous terminology, and writing to the reading level required.

Ghostwriting: Also referred to as writing or rewriting. The client supplies the content (analyzed data, figures, tables, and references), and I write the article/grant/report.

Project editing: Also referred to as developmental editing. Taking a project (such as a multi-institutional grant proposal or brochure) from letter of intent to completion (or any parts, thereof). All content is supplied by collaborators and I ultimately report to one principal on the project, unless otherwise instructed.

Literature reviews: Performing comprehensive reviews of the literature, based on client-supplied criteria.